Preparedness Notes for Thursday — May 15, 2025

On May 15th, 1252, Pope Innocent IV issued the papal bull ad exstirpanda, which authorized, but also limited, the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition.  The 1835 painting above, by Francesco Hayez, is titled: Valenza Gradenigo Before the Inquisition. — May 15, 1841: The first emigrant wagon train to make it to California left Independence, Missouri on a 1,730 mile journey over the Sierra Nevada mountain range.  In Idaho, the group divided and 32 people and nine wagons followed John Bidwell and John Bartleson southwest from the Oregon Trail into uncharted territory that the group hoped would lead to …

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